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D R A F T C O P Y Around The World In Eighty Minutes Note: This document is in progress and has not been fully debugged and tested nor is it complete in content. The final version is expected to be available by mid-September. The World is a service provider for Internet services. Among the myriad of available services are electronic mail, USENET, file software archives, telnet, ftp, IRC, library catalogs, and much more. As the first provider of public access Internet services, World is committed to providing cost effective, reliable network services for dialup custo- mers of the Internet community. The goal of this document is to introduce the three essen- tial services of The World. These services are electronic mail, USENET, and file transfer. The fourth section will discuss the fundamental issues necessary for successful com- munication with World. The final section provides a glimpse into additional services. During this guide, the customer named, Fred User, will be our sample customer. Fred's account name here on World is ``freduser''. Double quotes will be used for the sake of italics, that is to distinguish keywords and special phrases. Commands that Fred User should type will be indi- cated by single quotes, like this, `command'. After each World command, Fred User must include an `enter' or `car- riage return' to activate the command. Whenever Fred sees the capitalized word, World, it means our computer system. When it is lower case, world, it means the big round one that spins. Sometimes this becomes confusing but we do have fun making puns (like when we talk about our World Headquar- ters.) 1. What The World Offers -- An Overview Electronic mail messages can be sent all over the world (the big round one) via various computer networks we are attached to, Internet, UUCP, SPAN, Compuserve, and many other net- works are reachable from The World. USENET is a system of electronic ``newsgroups'' where people August 26, 1992 - 2 - from all over the world discuss topics, share ideas, exchange software and post announcements on over 3500 dif- ferent topics. The World maintains a free software collection for Unix, MS/DOS, Macintosh, Amiga and other computer systems. The Online Book Initiative is a publicly accessible reposi- tory for freely redistributable collections of information such as books, conference proceedings, reference material, catalogues, and journals. The purpose of the OBI is to create a publicly accessible repository for this informa- tion, a net-worker's library. General Unix access includes hundreds of utility programs, spreadsheets, text formatters, general computer programming, etc. High-speed Internet access via the Alternet backbone offers a wide range of services from computer hosts throughout the globe. Our Staff The World is managed by an experienced, dedicated, and most importantly, full time staff. Our email address is ``staff@world.std.com'' and our phone number is 617-739- 0202. Contact us for questions, problems, or suggestions. Our official business hours are 9am to 5pm EST and our staff is frequently available throughout the evenings and over the weekends. The World The World is a Sun Microsystem's SPARCserver with 80MB of memory, over 5 GB of disk space, 30 incoming modem lines, with multiple dedicated leased lines to the Alternet commer- cial network backbone. The operating system is SunOS 4.1.2 with a complete complement of software and utilities for use with unix and Internet services. 2. Fred User Fundamentals Before Fred can begin talking to World, a review of modem and software configuration is necessary. The World supports communication settings of 7 bit, even parity, and 1 stop bit. The terminal emulation software must use these set- tings to successfully communicate with World. A vt100 termi- nal emulation mode is recommended for World communications. Many of the World programs require full screen access and will not function unless a vt100 mode is enabled. The World modems support a variety of common modem protocols including v.32bis, v.32, v.42bis, v.42, MNP5, and PEP (on August 26, 1992 - 3 - selected modems only). Fred User's modem manual will pro- vide a description of supported protocols. Some terminal emulation software needs 8 bit settings for file transfer and all binary file transfers required 8 bit settings. Refer to the ``File Transfer'' section for com- plete details on handling 8 bit file transfers. Once Fred is set up and dials The World, the following wel- come message is displayed: Welcome to THE WORLD Public Access UNIX for the '90s Login as `new' if you do not have an account login: If Fred had not already made an account request, the login id `new' would perform the account request procedure. Fred uses the login id, freduser, which was previously selected. The World will then request the password. After the pass- word is entered, the welcome message is displayed: Last login: Wed Aug 5 10:37:41 from world.std.com SunOS Release 4.0.3 (CREATION) #5: Wed Oct 11 20:55:28 EDT 1989 Software Tool & Die Welcomes You To... The World Public Access Unix -- Home of the Online Book Initiative TERM = (vt100) The very first line of the message is the date of the last login session of Fred User. The second line shows which version of the Sun Microsystems operating system is being used. The next 10 lines are called the ``motd'', message of the day. This message includes important notices and is frequently updated. Next, World is asking for the terminal type. The default selection is ``vt100'' as noted in the terminal setup section. If the terminal emulation software was set up properly, a simple `carriage return' or `enter' will be sufficient to set the unix terminal type mode. If Fred is using some other terminal type in the terminal emu- lation software, a different terminal type should be entered here. Next, the login procedure begins the ``msgs'' procedure. These messages are not personal mail messages but rather announcements for the entire World community. When Fred reads the message, a note is made and the next login will not display the previously read message. If Fred does not August 26, 1992 - 4 - want to read the message, an `n' will mark the message read and will not display on the next login. To read a message, Fred enters `y'. On the very first login, the messages will continue until Fred is caught up. This is usually about 10 messages. Once Fred catches up, only new messages will be offered. These messages are very limited and are expected to be of use to World customers. If Fred chooses not to read these mes- sages, the command `q' will immediately exit the ``msgs'' program. After ``msgs'', a fortune of the day is displayed. This is an automatically selected message from the humor database. Lewis's Law of Travel: The first piece of luggage out of the chute doesn't belong to anyone, ever. Next, a brief index of Fred's mailbox is shown. For each email message, the sender's name and the subject are displayed. The final sequence at login is a display of active World customers. -User- --Full name-- Idle TTY -Console Location- bzs + Barry Shein 57 p0 ussr (X display 0) console + Console 20 con : mail staff for help eliz + Elizabeth Lear Newman 05 dialup 739-WRLD mer + Mary Riendeau pb ares (X display 0) new . The Welcome Wagon 02 dialup 739-WRLD spike + Joe Ilacqua p1 coke (X display 0) After this listing is completed, the prompt for The World appears. This prompt is ``world%'' and indicates that unix commands should be entered. The most important characteris- tic of the unix command mode is that characters are case- sensitive. Each World customer has a unique login id, a private pass- word, and a reserved disk area for storing files. Fred's login id is ``freduser'' and the reserved disk area for Fred is /users/freduser. Fred's initial password was created by the account request procedure. To modify this password, Fred enters the unix command `passwd' at the ``world%'' prompt. August 26, 1992 - 5 - world% passwd Changing password for freduser on world. Old password: New password: Retype new password: The passwords are never displayed on the screen. In fact, the World staff can not determine a customer's password. However, if Fred does forget the password, a call to the World office is all that is needed. The staff will confirm Fred's identity and install a new password. The unix command mode is controlled by a ``shell''. The default shell on World is the ``csh''. 3. Electronic Mail Electronic mail, also known as email, is the primary service of World. Unlike many online services, electronic mail on World is part of an internationally linked network that allows people to exchange mail directly with other hosts on the network. The complete network name of The World is world.std.com. This is called a domain name and uniquely identifies our site on the international Internet. The domain is ``com'' for commercial sites and our network name is ``std'' for Software Tool & Die. The hostname of our site is ``world''. The email address of our sample customer Fred User is ``freduser@world.std.com''. To determine your email address, simply replace ``freduser'' with your World account name. The World offers a variety of email programs. The one which Fred will learn during this tour is called Pine and was developed at the University of Washington. To use Pine, Fred must be using software that emulates a vt100 terminal. The section on fundamentals provides technical details on how to setup communications properly. Pine is a sophisticated yet easy-to-use mail program. The first thing which Fred needs to know about Pine is that there is no longer any need to type `enter' or `carriage- return' to activate commands. Pine commands will be exe- cuted as soon as the keystroke is made. In addition, Pine is not case sensitive. Both upper case commands and lower case commands perform the same functions within the Pine menus. To start Pine, Fred types the command `pine' at the August 26, 1992 - 6 - ``world%'' prompt. The very top line of the screen displays the current mode. Each mode corresponds to a mail function. There is a ``Compose Message'' mode, for sending mail, a ``View Mail'' mode, for reading mail, a ``Mail Index'' mode, for displaying the index of mail messages, and an ``Address Book'' mode, for managing an online address book. Here's the sample top line for the ``Main Menu'' mode. PINE 2.4 MAIN MENU ``inbox'' 4 Messages On the left is the version number of the program, then the title ``Main Menu'', followed by the name of the mailbox, and finally the number of messages that are in this mailbox. The ``inbox'' is the filename where new mail messages are kept. The following commands are available on the ``Main Menu''. ? HELP - General help, information and frequently asked questions C COMPOSE - Compose and send mail V VIEW MAIL - Read and process mail I MAIL INDEX - View summary of messages in the current folder F FOLDERS - Open new folder or maintain your mail folders A ADDRESSES - Update your address book O OTHER - Keyboard lock, passwords and space used by mail folders Q QUIT - Leave electronic mail N NEWS - Differences between Pine 1.0 and Pine 2.0 (release notes) W WHO TO CALL - Further help on Pine, reporting bugs and comments The following brief summary of these commands is displayed on the bottom two lines of Fred's screen: ? Help Q Quit I Mail Index A Addresses N News C Compose V View Mail F Folders O Other W Who to call When Fred selects a menu item, the top line will be updated to display the current mode and the bottom two lines of the sceen will be updated to display the commands which are available in that mode. To return to the World command level, enter the command `q' for quit. This will exit pine and return to the ``world%'' prompt. August 26, 1992 - 7 - Sending Email The Pine command, compose, is used for sending mail mes- sages. Fred types `c' at the main menu to begin composing a message. The top line now display the following: PINE 2.4 COMPOSE MESSAGE ``inbox'' 0 Messages Every electronic mail message has a header. This header is like the envelope of a traditional postal letter. The information in the header is used by the computer to deter- mine where to send the message. The primary item in the header is the ``To:'' line. This line contains the address or addresses of the recipients. For multiple addresses, a comma is paced between each address. In addition to the email address of the recipient, Fred can enter a brief ``Subject'' line. The ``Subject'' tells the recipient the essence of the letter. Fred has entered Fred's own address on the ``To:'' line. The best way to learn Pine is to use Pine. A subject line is also included. To : freduser Cc : Subject : my first message ----- Message Text ----- The bottom two lines will now show the commands available in ``Compose Message'' mode. Fred notices that these commands now have a ``^'' character in front of the letter. This ``^'' indicates that these keystrokes are control-character commands. To issue control commands, Fred has to hold down the control-key while typing the letter. Here is a sample of the two line command summary which Fred now sees on the bot- tom of the screen. ^G Get Help ^C Cancel ^R Rich Hdr ^K Del Line ^O Postpone ^X Send ^D Del Char ^U UnDel Lin^T To AddrBk In addition to these commands, the commands `^N' (next line) and `^P' (previous line) will move around the header. If Fred decides to modify a recipient's email address while composing a message, these commands can be used to return to the header portion of the message. A full list of commands is provided when the help command, `Control G', is issued. August 26, 1992 - 8 - When Fred enters the email address of a local World custo- mer, Pine will look up the complete address of that receipient and append it within the symbols ``<'' and ``>'' and include the full name which corresponds to the email address. For email addresses which are not local World cus- tomers, Pine can not display the full names. To : freduser <freduser@world.std.com> Cc : Subject : my first message ----- Message Text ----- I am sending this message to myself. --Fred Fred is careful to observe that the command menu has changed again. This time additional functions for text processing are available. G Get Help ^C Cancel ^R Read File^Y Prev Pg ^K Del Line ^O Postpone ^X Send ^J Justify ^W Where is ^V Next Pg ^U UnDel Lin^T To Spell When Fred has completed the message, the command `Control-X' will bring up the query for send message. Fred enters `y' to send or `n' to continue composing. To cancel the mes- sage, Fred would enter message. After deciding to send the message, Fred enters `Control-X', and answers ``y'' to the confirmation prompt. Pine sends the messages and returns automatically to the Main Menu commands. Whenever Fred recieves new messages, Pine will ``beep'' and display a portion of the header. This includes the name or address of the sender and part of the ``Subject'' line. The message looks like this: [New mail! From Fred User respecting my first message] Reading Email The Pine mode for reading mail is ``View Mail'' and is entered with the command `v' issued at the ``Main Menu''. Pine displays the first message in Fred's ``inbox''. Here is the message that Fred has just sent to ``freduser@world.std.com''. August 26, 1992 - 9 - PINE 2.4 VIEW MAIL ``inbox'' Message 1 of 1 100% Date: Fri, 7 Aug 1992 19:00:36 -0400 (EDT) From: Fred User <freduser@world.std.com> Subj: my first message To: Fred user <freduser@world.std.com> I am sending this message to myself. --Fred Again, Fred notices that the top line of the screen indi- cates which Pine mode is presently active. The message number is now changed to show the current message number and the total number of messages. At the far right, the last number tells what percentage of the message is being displayed. As usual, the commands for ``View Mail'' mode are displayed on the two lines at the bottom of the screen. ? Help M Main Menu P Prev Msg - Prev Page F Forward D Delete O OTHER CMDS I Mail Index N Next Msg SPACE Next Page R Reply S Save To get an overview of the ``inbox'', Fred types the index command `I'. The index appears like this: PINE 2.4 MAIL INDEX ``inbox'' Message of 1 1 Aug 7 fred@world.std.com (195) my first message The number in parenthesis is the number of characters in the message. This number includes the characters in the header as well as the message text. If Fred had not read the mes- sage, the letter ``N'' would appear in the far left column, like this: PINE 2.4 MAIL INDEX ``inbox'' Message 1 of 1 N 1 Aug 7 fred@world.std.com (195) my first message If Fred has read the message and marked it ``delete'', the letter ``D'' will appear in the far left column, like this: PINE 2.4 MAIL INDEX ``inbox'' Message 1 of 1 D 1 Aug 7 fred@world.std.com (195) my first message August 26, 1992 - 10 - Messages that are marked for deletion will not be deleted until Fred exits the Pine program. When Fred types in `Q' to quit, Pine will ask if these messages should be expunged. Pine will remove the deleted messages and return to the unix command mode. Folders and Pine For organizing and storing messages, Pine uses folders. These folders are kept in the directory named /users/freduser/mail. In Pine's natural state, a copy of every message that Fred sends is kept in the folder named ``sent-mail''. To examine folders, Fred enters the command ``F'' at the Main Menu. A list of folders will appear. PINE 2.4 FOLDER MAINTENANCE ``sent-mail'' 0 Messages inbox sent-mail saved-messages The folder ``inbox'' is the folder of new messages. The folder, ``sent-mail'', contains the copies of messages that Fred has sent. The folder, ``saved-messages'', is the default location for storing messages. To select the folder, Fred enters `G' and Pine prompts for the folder name. Folder to open [] : Fred types the folder name ``sent-mail'' and Pine provides an index of the selected folder. Fred is no longer working with the ``inbox'' messages but rather messages in the ``sent-mail'' folder. To return to the ``inbox'' folder, Fred selects the ``G'' command again and enters the folder name, ``inbox''. Folders can be added, deleted, renamed, and searched through. Fred is now going to compose a second mail message but this time, the message will be saved in a new folder. Fred enters the ``Compose Messages'' mode and begins to create the mail message. The regular header looks like this: PINE 2.4 COMPOSE MESSAGE ``inbox'' 3 Messages To : ``Fred User'' <freduser@world.std.com> Cc : Subject : ----- Message Text ----- August 26, 1992 - 11 - Fred selects the command `control-R' and two additional header fields are displayed. One is the ``Bcc:'' (Blind carbon copy) field and the other is the ``Fcc:'' (Folder carbon copy) field. PINE 2.4 COMPOSE MESSAGE ``inbox 3 Messages To : ``Fred User'' <freduser@world.std.com> Cc : Bcc : Fcc : sent-mail Subject : ----- Message Text ----- Notice the folder name ``sent-mail'' appears on the ``Fcc:'' line. Fred wants to create a new folder for this mail mes- sage. Using the enters the command `Control-T'. The list of known folders is displayed. PINE 2.4 SELECT FCC ``inbox'' 1 Messages inbox sent-mail saved-messages Fred is now in ``Select Fcc'' mode and whichever folder is selected will be automatically listed on the ``Fcc:'' line in the compose message. Fred adds a new folder by entering the command `A' and the folder name: Name of folder to add : my-messages Pine confirms that the folder has been created and adds the new folder to the folder list and positions the cursor on this new folder. PINE 2.4 SELECT FCC ``inbox'' 1 Messages inbox sent-mail saved-messages my-messages Fred enters the command `S' and the folder named ``my- messages'' is selected. Now, Pine switches back to the ``Compose Message'' mode where the newly created and selected folder is listed on the ``Fcc:'' line. August 26, 1992 - 12 - PINE 2.4 COMPOSE MESSAGE ``inbox'' 3 Messages To : ``Fred User'' <freduser@world.std.com> Cc : Bcc : Fcc : my-messages Subject : ----- Message Text ----- Fred completes composing the message and Pine confirms that the message has been saved in the specified folder. When Fred does not want to save copies of the mail message, the folder name is removed from the ``Fcc:'' field and a copy of the mail message will not be kept. Address Book The biggest drawback to Internet email is the lack of a comprehensive directory of email addresses. Your own list of email contacts will be built slowly but steadily as you participate in the email community. The addresses which Fred collects from friends can be long, complicated, and difficult to remember. Pine offers an easy to use address book that allows Fred to establish nicknames for these email addresses. To enter the address book, select command `A' at the ``Main Menu''. Initially, the address book will be empty. PINE 2.4 Address Book ``inbox'' Message 0 of 0 No Addresses in Address Book. Once again, the menus at the bottom of the screen display the possible commands for the ``Address Book'' mode. ? Help M Main Menu T AddToList - Prev Pg A Add D Delete S CreateList L Print SPACE Next Pg E Edit W Where is Fred enters the command `A' to Add a new address. Pine will ask for the full name of the person, the nickname and the address. Fred answers these questions and now has the fol- lowing entry in the address book: August 26, 1992 - 13 - PINE 2.4 Address Book ``inbox'' Message 0 of 0 mona Lisa, Mona mona@vatican.rome.italy The first column is the short nick name, the second the full name and finally, the actual email address for Fred's friend Mona Lisa. Now when Fred needs to send mail to Mona Lisa, Fred can simply use the nickname, mona, and Pine will look up the actual address and properly address the email mes- sage. In addition to creating nicknames, Fred can create a distri- bution list. The distribution list is a collection of addresses that are referenced by one name. This distribu- tion list is created with the command `S'. Pine will ask for a descriptive name of the list, a nickname, and finally, the actual members of the distribution list. After entering the distribution list, Fred has the following entries in the address book: PINE 2.4 Address Book ``inbox'' Message 0 of 1 mona Lisa, Mona mona@vatican.rome.italy composers famous composers DISTRIBUTION LIST: bach@fugue.music chopin@nocturne.music mozart@concerto.music Now when Fred enters the name ``composers'' on the ``To:'' line, Pine will replace the nickname with all the members of the distribution list. A distribution list is only good for the individual who creates it. Fred's distribution list is not available for other customers on World. Large, public distribution lists are called ``mailing lists''. In Fred's 80 minute tour of The World, there won't be enough time to examine ``mailing lists''. Fred recommends that interested readers check the help system on World under the topic ``mail'' for additional information. The most convenient feature of the Address Book is the abil- ity to automatically include a mail address of a received message in the address book. Fred has just received the following message and is presently in the ``View Mail'' mode. August 26, 1992 - 14 - PINE 2.4 VIEW MAIL ``inbox'' Message 1 of 1 100% Date: Sun, 9 Aug 1992 21:07:10 -0400 (EDT) From: 123456.123456@compuserve.com Subject: Greetings! To: freduser@world.std.com This message is from Fred's friend who uses the Compuserve email system. Since Compuserve uses a cryptic name format, Fred is very much interested in establishing a nickname for this address. The command `O' will display the ``Other Com- mands'' that are available in ``View Mail'' mode. The com- mand `T' shown under the ``Other Commands'' will ask Fred for a nickname for the current email address. When Fred enters the nickname, and, if desired, a full name, the address will be saved in the Address Book. Here's the new listing of Fred's address book: PINE 2.4 Address Book ``inbox'' Message 0 of 1 mona Lisa, Mona mona@vatican.rome.italy composers famous composers DISTRIBUTION LIST: bach@fugue.music chopin@nocturne.music mozart@concerto.music franz Listz, Franz 23456.123456@compuserve.com Fred quickly learns that mail addresses have a multitude of formats. Not just any address will do. For example, in the Compuserve address format, a ``comma'' is used between the two numbers and this ``comma'' must be replaced with a ``period'' for delivery via Internet mail. To learn more about email addresses, check the online help topic `mail'. A conversion guide is available for many common addresses. Sending Files with Mail The file must first be uploaded (see the following section for details) and then inserted in the Pine ``Compose Mes- sage'' with the Pine command `Control-R'. NOTE: To send binary documents, a special procedure is required. Receiving Files with Mail The email messages must first be stored in a temporary unix file by using the Pine command `E' from the ``View Mail'' August 26, 1992 - 15 - mode. This command is found in the ``other commands'' menu when entering `O' in the ``View Mail'' mode. Once the email message has been stored, use the file transfer command for downloading (see the following section). 4. File Transfers A frequently desired function is the transfer of files between World and Fred's local computer. Uploading is the action of moving a file from Fred's computer to World and downloading is the action of moving a file from World to Fred's computer. During an upload, World will be receiving the file and during a download, World will be sending the file. Fred's computer will be called the local host and World will be called the remote host. The World supports the two most widely used file transfer programs, Kermit and Zmodem. To use the file transfer pro- grams, Xmodem and Ymodem, use the same World commands as Zmodem except replace the ``z'' with either ``x'' or ``y''. Fred will need to know which transfer program is supported on the local host and must have the local host commands for file transfer. This information is available from Fred's terminal emulation documentation. Fred's software like many programs supports both Kermit and Zmodem so for the Fred's first transfer Zmodem will be used and for the second transfer, Kermit will be used. In this first example, Fred will be downloading the online version of this document which is located in the unix file named ``/help/Primer'' as a plain ascii text file. At the World prompt, Fred enters the unix command `sz' for send Zmodem. The option end of each line to CR/LF (carriage return and line feed). This is required with ascii transfers to MSDOS computers and is often needed on Macin- tosh computers. The last item in the command is the name of the unix file that is being transferred. world% sz -a /help/Primer sz: 1 file requested: /help/Primer Sending in Batch Mode At this point, Fred enters the local host command for the ``Receive Zmodem'' function. On many local hosts, the transfer will begin immediately without any need to enter a local host command. When the transfer is complete, the ``world%'' prompt will be displayed. To abort a file transfer, Fred would issue the command August 26, 1992 - 16 - `Control-X'. Repeated `Control-X' commands may need to be issued to interrupt the transfer. In the very worst case, Fred could abort the transfer and disconnect the entire login session by turning off the modem or the computer. This should only be attempted as a last resort. To transfer a file from the local host to The World, Fred will use the unix command `rz' for receive Zmodem. Again, the option `-a' is specified to properly convert newline characters. This time the filename specified will become the new unix filename. world% rz -a filename rz: ready to receive filename At this point, Fred enters the local host command for the ``Send Zmodem'' function. After the transfer is complete, The World responds with the ``world%'' prompt. As before in order to abort the file transfer, Fred would issue the com- mand `Control-X'. To transfer a binary file requires switching to 8bit, No parity mode. In fact, some terminal emulators, such as, White Knight or Red Ryder, require 8bit, No parity mode for vorh ascii and binary file transfer. The shift to 8bit, No parity mode is very simple to do. Fred issues the command `stty pass8' at the World's prompt by typing: world% stty pass8 Immediately, Fred must switch the local host settings to 8bit, No parity mode by using the local host commands. No further communication will be possible after issuing the `stty pass8' until the local host software settings are modified. Fred switches the local host settings and enters a carriage return to confirm that World is now responding. Once in the 8bit, No parity mode binary file transfer is supported. Fred would like to download today's GIF weather map. GIF is a commonly used graphics image format. Each hour The World receives the latest weather map. These maps are kept in the directory /obi/Weather.Maps. To locate the filename, Fred changes to the weather map disk area. world% cd /obi/Weather.Maps August 26, 1992 - 17 - Then Fred enters the unix command for directory listings. world% ls CI082018.GIF CV082018.GIF CV082200.GIF CI082022.GIF CV082022.GIF README CI082112.GIF CV082103.GIF SA082018.GIF CI082116.GIF CV082112.GIF SA082022.GIF CI082122.GIF CV082116.GIF SA082112.GIF CI082200.GIF CV082122.GIF SA082116.GIF The README files explains what these files are. Fred will download the document CV082122.GIF which contains the Com- bined Visible image from a weather satellite. The binary Zmodem transfer command is issued by adding the `-b' option for binary mode to the `sz' command. world% sz -b CV082122.GIF sz: 1 file requested: CV082122.GIF Sending in Batch Mode **B00000000000000 Once the transfer is completed, the ``world%'' prompt will be displayed. To upload a binary file, Fred would issue the command `rz -b filename' and World would receive the binary file. If Fred's software only supported Xmodem rather than Zmodem, the previous commands `rz' and `sz' would be exchanged for the commands command options `-a' and `-b' remain valid for Xmodem and Ymodem. Kermit file transfers for both ascii and binary files must be performed in 8bit, No parity mode. When Fred wants to use Kermit, the switch to binary communications mode as pre- viously described must be made before transfers begin. After entering 8bit, No parity mode, Fred enters the Kermit transfer by issuing the command `kermit'. When using Ker- mit, the World prompt becomes ``C-Kermit>'' and unix com- mands are no longer valid. Fred is once again going to transfer the binary weather map GIF document. Fred enters Kermit and sets binary mode August 26, 1992 - 18 - world% kermit C-Kermit> set file type binary C-Kermit> send CV082122.GIF Escape back to your local system and give a RECEIVE command... Fred will issue the local host command for receive Kermit. When the transfer is complete, Fred enters the command `quit' to exit Kermit and return to the ``world%'' prompt. C-Kermit> quit world% To receive a binary file when using Kermit, Fred enters Ker- mit, sets the binary mode, and issues the `receive' command. world% kermit C-Kermit> set file type binary C-Kermit> receive filename Escape back to your local system and give a SEND command... After the transfer has completed, Fred enters the kermit command Fred issues the command `Control-C'. Fred may need to repeatedly issue the `Control-C' command to cause Kermit to exit. In the worst case, Fred can abort the file transfer and disconnect the login session by hanging up the modem or power cycling the local host. This should only be attempted as a last resort during a hung transfer. Internet File Transfer Another service of World is the ability to transfer files from other sites on the Internet. This process is known as FTP, File Transfer Protocol, and actually creates a direct link between Fred's account on World and the remote host on the Internet. These hosts are located throughout the United States as well as abroad. FTP sites are also frequently called ``anonymous archives''. A partial list of ftp sites is found in the World's `help ftp' subtopic. This list includes popular sites that con- tain frequently accessed archives and is not a complete list of available sites but rather some suggestions of archives to explore. August 26, 1992 - 19 - To get a file from the remote FTP archive to Fred's local host, Fred will first use FTP to transfer the document to World and then use the local host transfer software (either Kermit or Zmodem) to download the document. In this demo, Fred will connect to the popular and extensive archive at UUNET Technologies. The hostname for this archive is ``ftp.uu.net'' and this computer is located in Virgina. Fred doesn't need to pay anything extra to reach Virgina. The connection will be made via the Alternet back- bone which is the high speed link that joins The World com- puter with other computers out there in the big round world. From The World prompt, Fred enters the command `ftp ftp.uu.net' and the remote computer responds with a confir- mation of the connection and requests the login name. By default, Fred's account name will appear as the default login name. To access the public archive, Fred will enter the login name `anonymous'. Using this anonymous account, any person can access the archive at the remote site. In the past, any password would be accept for the `anonymous' login. However, these days archive sites often request the email address of the person using the anonymous archive. Fred will enter `freduser@world.std.com' as the password for the FTP session. world% ftp ftp.uu.net Connected to ftp.uu.net. 220 ftp.UU.NET FTP server (Version 6.30 Mon Jul 27 14:07:35 EDT 1992) ready. Name (ftp.uu.net:freduser): anonymous 331 Guest login ok, send e-mail address as password. Password: 230- 230- Welcome to the UUNET archive. 230- A service of UUNET Technologies Inc, Falls Church, Virginia 230- For information about UUNET, call +1 703 204 8000, or see the files 230- in /uunet-info 230- 230-Please read the file /info/README.ftp 230- it was last modified on Wed Aug 5 21:09:19 1992 - 11 days ago 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> Once connected to the remote archive, Fred notices that the prompt is now displayed as ``ftp>''. To locate files, Fred uses the standard unix commands `ls' and `cd'. The command `ls' provides a listing of the files and directories. The command `cd' changes to the specified directory. Fred is in August 26, 1992 - 20 - search of the document that provides a reading list for books and articles about the Internet. The pathname which Fred was given is ``/doc/internet''. At the ``ftp>'' prompt, Fred enters the `cd /doc/internet' command and then types `ls'. ftp> cd /doc/internet 250 CWD command successful. ftp> ls 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. total 1280 -rw-r--r-- 1 56 21 22063 Jul 31 1990 hitchhikers.guide.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 50 21 9620 Feb 25 14:46 inet-growth.ps -rw-r--r-- 1 50 21 100785 Feb 17 1992 network-reading-list.ps.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 50 21 51695 Feb 17 1992 network-reading-list.txt.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 50 21 190573 Feb 6 1992 zen-1.0.PS.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 50 21 454739 Feb 6 1992 zen-1.0.tar.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 50 21 2353 Feb 4 1992 zen.README.Z 226 Transfer complete. ftp> The documents listed are available from the archive. The names of the documents are located at the very end of each line. Fred notices that there are two copies of the network-reading-list. Both are in compressed format as indicated by the ``.Z'' at the end of the filename. The first one is ``ps.Z'' for postscript format and the second is ``txt.Z'' for ascii text format. To retrieve a copy of the network reading list in ascii text format, Fred enters the following command: ftp> mget network*txt.Z mget network-reading-list.txt.Z? y 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for network-reading-list.txt.Z (51695 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. 51695 bytes received in 1.7 seconds (30 Kbytes/s) ftp> The transfer is complete and Fred will now exit from the FTP session by entering the command `quit'. August 26, 1992 - 21 - ftp> quit 221 Goodbye. world% When Fred enters the `ls' command at the ``world%'' prompt, the local copy of the network-reading-list.txt.Z file is displayed. To read this compressed file, Fred uses the com- mand `zmore network-reading-list.txt.Z'. world% zmore network-reading-list.txt.Z To download a copy of this file, Fred follows the procedure detailed in the file transfer section of this guide. To read a compressed document, Fred must have a utility on the local host. If no local host utility exists, Fred can uncompress the document on World before the download. world% uncompress network-reading-list.txt.Z When Fred does not have the specific location of the docu- ment in the FTP archive or wants to browse an archive, Fred looks for a file named ``index'' or ``README'' or possibly, ``ls-lR.Z''. This last cryptic file name is a compressed file containing the output from the unix command files in a directory. For instance when Fred runs this command on World, the following is shown: world% ls -lR ~freduser total 58 drwx------ 2 freduser 512 Dec 3 1991 News -rw-rw-r-- 1 freduser 51695 Aug 16 20:07 network-reading-list.txt.Z /users/freduser/News: total 2 -rw-rw-r-- 1 freduser 298 Mar 13 10:23 somefile world% If Fred retrieves the file named ``ls-lR.Z'' from the anonymous archive, a detailed list of the archive can be examined and individual files selected for retrieval. To read an ``ls-lR.Z'' file, Fred uses the network-reading-list document. August 26, 1992 - 22 - world% zmore ls-lR.Z Many anonymous archives store all their files in the sub- directory ``pub''. When Fred recently connected to the site ``ftp.eff.org'', only the following files were found and Fred thought the site was empty. ftp> ls 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. total 98 -rw-r--r-- 1 root daemon 0 Oct 17 1991 .notar -rw-rw-r-- 1 ckd 12 279 May 2 22:10 README dr-xr-xr-x 2 root daemon 512 Oct 18 1991 bin dr-xr-xr-x 3 root daemon 512 Feb 22 22:00 etc -rw-r--r-- 1 root daemon 44844 Aug 16 06:08 ls-lR.Z drwxrwsr-x 15 ckd 12 512 Jul 20 21:28 pub 226 Transfer complete. ftp> ls users Fred noticed that the subdirectory ``pub'' existed and immediately executed a `cd pub' command and then `ls' displayed the following additional information. ftp> ls 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. total 28 -rw-r--r-- 1 root 12 0 Oct 18 1991 .notar drwxrwxr-x 10 ckd 12 1024 Aug 13 01:00 EFF drwxrwsr-x 5 mnemonic eff 512 Nov 26 22:05 SJG drwxrwxr-x 18 kadie 21 1536 Aug 14 21:09 academic drwxr-sr-x 2 hshubs 151 512 Jul 17 01:58 bcs drwxr-xr-x 2 ezf 146 1024 May 27 19:03 cpsr drwxr-xr-x 34 brendan 12 1024 Aug 10 17:27 cud drwxr-sr-x 3 composer 15 512 Jul 20 21:38 ftp.dreams.org drwxr-xr-x 4 root daemon 1024 Aug 17 1991 internet-info drwxrwsr-x 4 hrose 14 1024 Aug 11 21:25 irc drwxr-xr-x 9 rita 148 512 Jul 17 17:28 journals drwxrwsr-x 3 ckd 12 512 Apr 22 21:28 mac drwxrwsr-x 2 ckd 15 512 Aug 3 20:32 net-tools drwxr-sr-x 2 1 daemon 512 May 8 20:29 pub-infra 226 Transfer complete. ftp> August 26, 1992 - 23 - Fred notices the directory ``bcs'' which is indeed an archive of Boston Computer Society information. The monthly calendar is available from this archive as well as other information related to the BCS organization. There is no central directory of FTP archives nor any com- plete listing of the contents of the FTP archives. However, a group of people at McGill University in Canada developed a utility called Archie which provides an index service for FTP archives. If Fred had not been told the archive loca- tion of the network-reading-list, a query to archie would have provided this information. Fred issues the following command: world% archie -s network-reading-list > temp The option ``-s'' means search on the specified string. The ``> temp'' instructs World to place the answers in the file named ``temp''. Since Archie will tell Fred all the sites that contain a copy of the document, Fred wants to save the FTP list in a file. To read the file, Fred enters the com- mand `more temp'. Each archive is listed and the location of the file within that archive is shown. world% more temp Host ftp.uu.net Location: /inet/doc FILE -rw-r--r-- 100785 Feb 17 13:41 network-reading-list.ps.Z FILE -rw-r--r-- 51695 Feb 17 13:41 network-reading-list.txt.Z As it turns out the directory name which Fred previously used ``/doc/internet'' is the same directory name as the Archie listing ``/inet/doc''. UUNET's archive has many of these cross references within its archive. Archie does not have the capability to know the contents of the files and can only locate items by filename. While Archie has succeeded at solving the problem of locating a known file, the bigger problem of finding out what is in an archive and what is in each file within that archive has yet to be solved. To become a successful FTP archive scavenger, a bit of a detective personality needs to be cultivated. 5. Usenet USENET is a collection of thousands of discussion groups called ``newsgroups''. These newsgroups are passed from August 26, 1992 - 24 - site to site throughout the globe. USENET is not the same as Internet but almost every site on Internet participates in USENET. World carries over 3500 newsgroups which are arranged in over 100 hierarchies. Among the collection is the traditional core of USENET plus an electronic newspaper, numerous regional hierarchies, discussions from abroad (not only in English but in various languages such as Japanese, Chinese, German, Finnish, etc.), multitudes of organizations (both private and non-profit), and much much more. Before Fred leaps into the USENET culture, a few conventions of the USENET culture are imperative to scrutinize. The first is the use of USENET for commercial messages. Almost all newsgroups prohibit the distribution of messages soli- citing sales of products, services or merchandise. Usually, an endorsement as a satisfied customer of a product is an acceptable message as long as no financial reward is gained. Similiarly, gripes about an unsatisfactory product can be expressed. There are three primary reasons for restricting commerical use on USENET. The general fear that if advertising and sol- iciting were allowed, USENET would rapidly be overcome with nothing but advertisements. The fact that many sites pay for each and every message that is received and have no desire to pay for the receipt of unsolicited advertising materials. And lastly, if large volumes of commercial mes- sages swell into USENET from one site (for example, via World customers), the other computers out there will refuse to distribute the offending sites articles. Since USENET operates in a voluntary, community spirit (often reffered to as an anarchy), honoring the community spirit is the essence of successful membership. Recently, newsgroups have been created for the announcement of products and for vendor use. The staff at World is eager to assist in the proper distribution of commercial materials and is available to offer advice in this area. Locally, on World, places for commercial use exist and it will always be voluntary whether anyone is exposed to such messages or not. Obscenity, arguing, illegal or obnoxious behavior is vehe- mently prohibited. In the first place, clever pranks on someone, a computer or the network, have all been done before and almost always just makes people angry. In many cases it may even be illegal, even when the intent was only humorous. Software Tool & Die, as an Enhanced Services Pro- vider, must cooperate with all investigations of illegal behavior and is obligated to do what it can to correct any such situation. World staff does not and will not edit posted material actively as a corporate policy. Additionally, World has no control over lewd or otherwise questionable text which August 26, 1992 - 25 - people type in, unless it is strictly illegal or being com- plained about as breaking agreed-upon rules of network behavior. A specific area to be careful about is typing in copyrighted materials. The copyright holders can legally go after the person responsible for the distribution of such material. As a general rule keep in mind that USENET is a public forum despite the lack of face to face contact among its members. Now, onwards to the actual art of USENET communications. At the top level, the newsgroups are split into categories and then each subsequent level is split again becoming more specific. Finally, a full newsgroup name is established. For example, rec.sports.baseball is the newsgroups that talks about the recreational sport of baseball. Similarly the lastest chit-chat on cold-fusion is discussed in sci.physics.fusion. The two activities surrounding newsgroups are reading and posting. Reading is done by using a program called a ``newsreader''. The success of newsgroups is that each par- ticipant reads the newsgroup articles at their own conveni- ence. The newsreader keeps track not only of which news- groups to read but of each article within the newsgroup. Once an individual article is read, that article will no longer be displayed and only the new articles in that group will be displayed. The recommended newsreader on World is `nn', pronounced ``netnews''. To begin newsreading using netnews, Fred enters the command `nn' at the World prompt. The very first time that Fred enters `nn' a welcome message will be shown. The most important part of this message describes how to get additional help on `nn'. The `nn' program has extensive help within the program so Fred makes a mental note of the following options: Three levels of online help are available: ? gives a quick reference guide for the current mode. :help explains how to get help on specific subjects. :man opens the online manual. Initially, World customers are subscribed to a set of basic newsgroups. These include the newsgroups from World itself, for New England topics, and a few USENET announcement groups. When Fred enters `nn', the following display is shown. August 26, 1992 - 26 - Newsgroup: wstd.general Articles: 17 of 389331/2371 a James Parry ? >Wstd customer disclaimer; organization line b Barry Shein ? > c Joe Ilacqua ? >> d Steven W Orr ? Would like to pay my chec<>m Unix like CheckFree e Joe Ilacqua ? > f Levin F Magruder ? mm questions g Barry Shein ? > h Adam M Gaffin ? NSFNet access i Adam M Gaffin ? > j Barry Shein ? > k Barry Shein ? >> l Adam M Gaffin ? >> m Barry Shein ? >>> n G W Anderson ? Weather Map GIFS/Time designation o Joe Ilacqua ? > p Adam M Gaffin ? Boston Library Consortium databases q Sergiu S Simmel ? Windows (or DOS) based Unix mail front-end/tool -- 23:32 -- SELECT -- help:? -----All----- This is the ``Selection Mode'' for the newsgroup, wstd.general. First Fred will select articles of interest and then read them. To select an individual article, Fred enters the article id that appears in the first column. The selected article will be ``highlighted'' in reverse video display. Fred will select all the articles first and then move on to the ``reading'' mode. The topic of each article is shown on the far right. The ``>'' symbol with no topic indicates a response to the original article listed recur- sively above. To select all articles of the same topic, Fred enters one article id, followed by the `*' character. Netnews will automatically select all articles of the same topic and display these selections in reverse video. To read the selected articles, Fred enters the command uppercase `Z', the first selected message appears and the ``reading'' mode is entered. Fred has issued the comand `h' followed by the command `*'. All the articles related to the Subject ``NSFNet access'' have been selected. August 26, 1992 - 27 - Adam M Gaffin: NSFNet access Tue, 18 Aug 1992 01:41 In a word: hooray! But how did you finally convince the Forces of Evil, uh, the NSF, to give the World access? And does this mean we'll eventually have to submit something in writing that we'll abide by the AUP or somesuch, like users on other public-access sites I could name? And now gopher? Again, hooray! This system is getting closer and closer to user friendly, what with gopher and library and pine. Of course, now that I've gone and learned Unix, I don't need that stuff anymore :-). -- Adam Gaffin Middlesex News, Framingham, Mass. adamg@world.std.com Voice: (508) 626-3968. Fred the Middlesex News Computer: (508) 872-8461. -- 23:43 --wstd.general-- 5 MORE+next --help:?--All-- The top line shows who the author of the article is and the date the article was posted. The second line is the ``Sub- ject:'' line for this article The very last line, shows Fred the current time, the newsgroup name, how many more articles remain, what to do for additional help (type a `?'), and the percentage of the current message. In this example, the entire message is shown. If the article were more than a page in length, a ``space'' character would cause the next page to be displayed. To proceed to the next article, Fred would enter `n'. A the selected articles are read, `nn' returns to the selection mode for the next newsgroup or if no additional newsgroups are available, `nn' will exit. At any time, Fred can choose to quit `nn' and return to the World prompt, by issuing the command capital Q. To enter a specific newsgroups, Fred starts `nn' with that newsgroup name. For example, to read the discussion on ne.org.bcs (New England, Organization, Boston Computer Society). Fred enters the following command at the ``world%'' prompt. world% nn ne.bcs.org The netnews program will immediately enter the specified newsgroup. Articles from that newsgroup can be selected and read as indicated in the previous examples. August 26, 1992 - 28 - To find out what groups are available, the command `G' will in selection mode allows Fred to query the group categories. After entering the command `G', the following cryptic prompt will be displayed. Group or Folder (+./~ %=sneN) At this point, typing a `?' will provide the top level view of all newsgroups. For instance to find all the New England regional groups, Fred enters the following command. Group or Folder (+./~ %=sneN) ne.? food forsale general housing jobs motss nearnet. news org. politics seminars wanted To choose a group, Fred enters the topic, such as food, and the group ne.food is selected. This group discusses various topics relating to where to buy food, where to eat food, and how to prepare food. Netnews will prompt with the following: Number of articles (uasne) (a) 10 Since Fred has never read this group, netnews needs to know how many of the articles to show. The default answer `(a)' means all available articles. Fred can enter a number to restrict the selection to only the last few articles. Fred has entered `10' so only the 10 most recent articles will be displayed at the selection mode. Newsgroup: ne.food Articles: 11 of 7/1 READ a V. Stern 14 Good food near Hanscom field (Bedford) b.Richard Shapiro 18 >>>on beer... c.Larry Campbell 19 >> d.David Braunegg 13 >> e.Bill Lambert 11 >Status of Mary Chung's f.Patrick C. Mock 14 >> g.Bill Lambert 25 >>> h.Ernest Mitchell 9 The Chinatown Eatery i.Michael Johnson 33 >Boston-area brewpubs (was: where is 33 dunster st?) j.Alex Milshteyn 11 Fuzzi in Atrium Mall in Newton - opinions? k.C M Richmond ? The Bertucci's from hell -- 01:06 -- SELECT -- help:? -----All-----<level 2>-- August 26, 1992 - 29 - Now, Fred can select the articles from the New England food newsgroup. Any newsgroup can be accessed by using the `G' command. After joining a discussion, Fred has two possible ways of responding. The direct method is via email to the author of the article and the public method is via a ``posting'' to the newsgroup. Fred will first post an article to a ``test'' group. This will allow Fred to experiment with posting before leaping into the public forum and eliminates all fears of embarrasment. A newsgroup has been created just for such test messages. The name of the newsgroup is wstd.test. To begin the posting, Fred enters the netnews command `:post' while at the selection level. The `:post' command will ask a few questions, then enter the text editor (the same editor used in the previous sample of email with Pine), and then upon completion of the article, will post the article. -- 02:05 -- SELECT -- help:? -----Top 100%----- :post POST to group wstd.test Subject: my first article Keywords: Summary: Distribution: (default `world') wstd The posting process will prompt for several special fields. The ``Subject'' field should always be used to allow other newsreaders to identify the topic of the article. Addition- ally, the ``Keywords:'' and ``Summary:'' fields can specify more detail about the contents of the article. The final field is the ``Distribution:'' field. This field is very important as it determines how far Fred's article will travel. The default answer is world (the big round one) and any article with world distribution will go to any other site on USENET. This really means anywhere around the globe. For local distribution to World customers only, use the distribution field ``wstd''. Some common distribution fields are: wstd Only to World customers ma There is no Massachusetts distribution use ``ne'' ne Only to New England area USENET sites usa Only to USA sites na Only to North American world Each and every USENET site throughout the globe August 26, 1992 - 30 - The classic example of an inappropriate distribution is an article about the sale of a dinette set posted with the dis- tribution field of ``world''. People in Australia are not likely buyers of a Massachusetts a dinette set. Keep in mind that the USENET audience is very diverse and geographi- cally distant despite the seamless network links. While the newsgroup name determines a discussion between like-minded people, the distribution field sets the geographical range of Fred's article. In this example, Fred has selected the distribution of ``wstd'' and Fred's article will only appear in the local World newsgroups. After completing the article header fields, netnews enters the edit mode. This is what Fred's article looks like: PICO 1.4 File: /usr/tmp/nn.a05954 Newsgroups: wstd.test Distribution: wstd Subject: my first article My first article to a newgroup. The editor commands will appear on the last two lines of the screen providing Fred with quick reference to the possible options. This is the same editor that Fred learned when using Pine, the email program. When Fred is satisfied with the article, the command `Control-X' is issued, the article will be posted, and Fred returns to the ``Selection'' mode of netnews. Instead of posting a new article, Fred selects the command `Capital-F' for a followup to an existing posting. This would allow Fred to respond to a previous posting and include all or part of the original author's article in the response. To limit a reply to the author of the article, the command `Capital-R' would be used. August 26, 1992 - 31 - 6. Essential World Commands charges displays Fred's sessions and total usage fee charges 7 displays Fred's sessions for July, any month can be used subj a brief look at what is in the mail, ``inbox''. date the date and time of day ls display the files in the current directory ls -s display the files and the size ls -F display the files by type (a slash indicates a directory) cd directory change the working directory to the named directory cd change the directory back to the HOME mkdir created a new directory rmdir remove an empty directory rm filename remove the named file more filename view the contents of the specified file This document was last modified on August 25, 1992. For the latest update, use the ftp archive at world.std.com or send your request via email to info@world.std.com All rights reserved. Software Tool & Die 1330 Beacon Street Brookline, MA 02146 617-739-0202 office@world.std.com August 26, 1992